Medline university asepsis technique11/5/2023 ![]() Although comparable estimates of the costs of HAIs for nonhospital settings were not found, the total direct medical costs of HAIs would clearly be higher if other settings were included. Less information is available on HAIs in nonhospital health care settings, such as ambulatory surgery centers, free-standing dialysis centers, and long-term care facilities such as nursing homes, but it is clear that HAIs are found in these settings as well and deserve attention (see, e.g., Anand and Kollef, 4 CDC, 5 Edmunston and Foulkes, 6 Ouslander et al. 3 Using the same adjustment, the estimated patient hospital costs for the four most common HAIs are $3.45 billion to $10.07 billion for surgical site infections, $0.67 billion to $2.68 billion for central line-associated bloodstream infections, $1.03 billion to $1.50 billion for ventilator-associated pneumonia, and $0.39 billion to $0.45 billion for catheter-associated urinary tract infections. ![]() hospitals ranges from $35.7 billion to $45 billion, adjusted to 2007 dollars using the consumer price index for inpatient hospital services. The total annual direct medical costs of HAIs for U.S. 2 The four largest categories of HAIs, responsible for over 80 percent of all HAIs, are catheter-associated urinary tract infections (32 percent), surgical site infections (22 percent), ventilator-associated pneumonia (15 percent), and central line-associated bloodstream infections (14 percent). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a health care-associated infection (HAI) as “…an infection occurring in a patient during the process of care in a hospital or other health care facility which was not present or incubating at the time of admission.” 1 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that there were 1.7 million HAIs and 99,000 HAI-associated deaths in U.S. Background and Objectives for the Systematic Review Background
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